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Stellar Nucleosynthesis

Stars are cosmic forges where lighter elements fuse into heavier ones, releasing enormous energy. This process creates all elements up to iron.

Proton-Proton Chain
4¹H → ⁴He + 2e⁺ + 2νₑ + γ
Energy: 26.7 MeV

Fusion Processes

Elements Produced

Binding Energy per Nucleon

Iron-56 has maximum binding energy per nucleon. Fusion releases energy up to Fe; beyond requires energy input.