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pH Dynamics & Buffers

pH = -log[H⁺]. Buffers resist pH change using conjugate acid-base pairs. Henderson-Hasselbalch: pH = pKa + log([A⁻]/[HA]). Buffer capacity maximum at pH = pKa.

Current pH: 7.00
[H⁺]: 1.0e-7 M
[OH⁻]: 1.0e-7 M
Buffer Capacity: -