W / S Pitch (nose down/up)
A / D Roll (bank left/right)
Q / E Rudder (yaw left/right)
Shift / Ctrl Throttle up/down
Fly a rectangular pattern: climb to altitude, fly headings 360-090-180-270.
Edwin Link built the first flight simulator from organ bellows, creating a pneumatic “Blue Box” that pitched, rolled, and yawed in response to cockpit controls. By WWII, over 500,000 Allied pilots trained in Link Trainers. An instructor’s station with a “crab” plotter recorded the student’s flight path on a map from above.